Selected representatives called type viruses may be used to illustrate the properties of a particular taxon. A number of virus families are assigned to higher-level orders, which are designated with the suffix -virales. Examples are Herpesvirales, Mononegavirales, Picornavirales, and Nidovirales. Most families are unassigned to orders. In addition to biologic classification, viruses often are categorized according to their clinical presentation i.
Box Respiratory route i. Fecal-oral route: polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, hepatitis A virus, rotavirus, astrovirus, norovirus. Parenteral route i. Vertical route e. Arthropod-borne route e. Rodent-associated transmission: Lassa fever virus, sin nombre, and other hanta viruses e.
Understanding virus classification can lead to important generalizations regarding the prevention and treatment of viral infection and insights into the distribution and evolution of viruses. In addition, insights from viral taxonomy play key roles in preventing and staunching the spread of viral disease at the population level.
All references are available online at www. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Published online Jul Robert David Siegel. Guest Editor s : Sarah S. Chief, Section of Infectious Diseases, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Guest Editor s : Charles G. Copyright and License information Disclaimer. All rights reserved. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVIDrelated research that is available on the COVID resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source.
TABLE Open in a separate window. Key References 5. Siegel R. Lipkin WI. The changing face of pathogen discovery and surveillance. Nat Rev Microbiol. Ho T, Tzanetakis IE. Development of a virus detection and discovery pipeline using next generation sequencing. References 1.
Murphy FA. Virus taxonomy. Fields Virology. Lippincott-Raven Publishers; Philadelphia: Condit R. Principles of virology. Fenner F.
The classification and nomenclature of viruses: summary of results of meetings of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses in Madrid, September J Gen Virol. Delwart EL. Viral metagenomics. Rev Med Virol. As a result, treatment options are limited, with supportive care being the primary course of action for infected individuals. Rapid detection and control of outbreaks has become a matter of national emergency in regions susceptible to viral outbreaks, and have proven effective in controlling the spread of Ebola strains.
Of these cases, 1, individuals died. The largest outbreak in West Africa, occurring between and and involving 28, cases of Ebola, resulted in the death of 11, individuals. Although vaccinations are currently in development to curtail the spread of Ebola during future outbreaks, there is still much to be learned about the virus before positive outcomes can be implemented with effect.
Following exposure to the Ebola Virus, incubation takes approximately two to twenty-one days before the onset of symptoms first occurs. Initial symptoms involve a sudden flu-like stage that is characterized by extreme fatigue, high fever, muscle weakness and pain, sore throat, and decreased appetite.
As the virus spreads, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and cramps , as well as diarrhea are also common, leading to severe dehydration in many cases. Severe rashes, respiratory problems, and chest pain are also likely to develop within five to seven days, followed by the onset of internal and external bleeding.
In severe cases, individuals often enter a coma in the final stages of the disease, followed by low blood pressure that often results in death. In individuals that survive Ebola, lifelong complications are common, including liver inflammation, deafness, chronic fatigue, poor vision, and decreased appetite.
Microscopic image of the Marburg Virus; the deadliest and most dangerous virus in the world. The Marburg Virus is an extremely deadly disease from the Filoviridae family, and is considered the most dangerous virus in the world. After German workers were exposed to infected Grivet Monkeys, seven of the thirty-one people infected by the virus died shortly after. Although the virus has only had a handful of outbreaks over the last fifty years, mortality rates are incredibly high for the Marburg Virus an astounding 90 percent.
The most recent outbreak involved the cases in Angola, where approximately individuals were infected by the virus. Of these, people died from the disease. In addition to primates, it is believed that Fruit Bats are the primary carriers of the virus.
For this reason, individuals exposed to mines or caves for prolonged periods of time are particularly susceptible to the disease. Although little is known about the virus, it is believed that the Marburg Virus spreads between humans via direct contact with broken skin, bodily fluids, or contaminated surfaces such as bedding or clothing that has been contaminated with blood, urine, or fecal matter. Incubation periods for the virus vary from two to twenty-one days. Initial symptoms often begin rapidly, and include high fevers, headaches, fatigue, muscle aches, severe diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramps , as well as nausea and vomiting.
After five to seven days, infected individuals often develop severe bleeding both internally and externally from the gums, nose, and genital regions.
Severe bleeding near venipuncture sites is also common due to the inability of the blood to naturally clot. By the ninth day, death usually follows. Rapid response and control of outbreak areas remains the best option for controlling the spread of Marburg Virus pathogens. For these reasons particularly its high death rate and lack of treatment options , the Marburg Virus is an incredibly dangerous disease capable of eradicating large populations of people particularly in the event of a Bioterrorist attack.
Preston, Richard. Cunha, John P. Accessed August 06, July 23, March 05, December 11, Do not stop or alter your current course of treatment. If pregnant or nursing, consult with a qualified provider on an individual basis. Seek immediate help if you are experiencing a medical emergency. Such an interesting and well structured article Larry. The only one I wasn't familiar with was the 'Marburg Virus'. I love learning something new. Thanks for sharing Larry.
I agree percent, Louise! I had heard of most of these as well. Marburg was a new one for me though. Some scary stuff for sure! Some of them viruses I don't know about, but some I do. There are certainly a lot of deadly viruses out there. We need to be very careful. This is an excellent article on the most serious viruses. I was somewhat familiar with most of them, but I still learned a lot from you well-written article. Marine Biology. Electrical Engineering. Computer Science.
Medical Science. Writing Tutorials. Performing Arts. Visual Arts. The Crimea-Congo fever virus is transmitted by ticks. It is similar to the Ebola and Marburg viruses in the way it progresses. During the first days of infection, sufferers present with pin-sized bleedings in the face, mouth and the pharynx. The Machupo virus is associated with Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, also known as black typhus. The infection causes high fever, accompanied by heavy bleedings. It progresses similar to the Junin virus.
The virus can be transmitted from human to human, and rodents often the carry it. It is transmitted by ticks, but scientists say it is difficult to determine any carriers. It is assumed that rats, birds and boars could be hosts. People infected with the virus suffer from high fever, strong headaches and muscle pain which can cause bleedings. Dengue fever is a constant threat.
If you're planning a holiday in the tropics, get informed about dengue. Transmitted by mosquitoes, dengue affects between 50 and million people a year in popular holiday destinations such as Thailand and India. But it's more of a problem for the 2 billion people who live in areas that are threatened by dengue fever.
Being diagnosed with cancer is a shock that hits you hard. And yet almost half of all cancer cases could be prevented. Smoking alone triggers about every fifth tumor. The toxic cigarette smoke does not only cause lung cancer but many other kinds of tumors as well. Smoking is the most frequent self-imposed cause for cancer, but not the only one.
In second place of cancer-causing agents: obesity. Why it causes cancer? Enhanced insulin levels increase the risk of almost all sorts of cancer, especially when it comes to kidney, gall bladder, and oesophagus cancer. Overweight women produce increasing amounts of female sex hormones in their fat tissue and hence have a higher risk for uterine or breast cancer.
People who don't move enough are especially likely to get cancer. Long-term studies show that exercising prevents tumors.
After all, working out lowers the insulin levels while preventing you from gaining weight. Even just going for a walk or a bike ride makes a big difference. Alcohol promotes tumors in the oral cavity, the throat and the oesophagus. The combination of smoking and drinking is especially dangerous and increases the risk of cancer up to a hundredfold.
Red meat can cause intestinal cancer. The exact cause has not yet been determined, but long-term studies show a significant correlation between the consumption of red meat and intestinal cancer. Beef is especially dangerous, but even pork can cause cancer to a minor degree. Meat consumption increases the risk of cancer one and a half times.
Fish, however, prevents cancer. When barbecuing meat, carcinogenic substances are released, such as polycyclical aromatic hydrocarbons. It has been proven in animal experiments that these chemical compounds can cause tumors. However, long-term studies with humans have not yet unambiguously proven the same.
A good diet consisting of vegetables, fruits and dietary fibers can prevent cancer. However, when conducting long-term studies researchers found that a healthy diet has less impact on cancer prevention than previously assumed.
It only decreases the risk of getting cancer by a maximum of 10 percent. While sunscreen protects the skin from sunburn, the skin absorbs too much radiation as soon as it starts getting tanned. X-rays harm genomes. With an ordinary radiogram the exposure is only minor.
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