Prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer: a worldwide perspective. J Natl Cancer Inst. The incidence of human papillomavirus infection following treatment for cervical neoplasia: a systematic review. Prediction of recurrent disease by cytology and HPV testing after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Natural history and clearance of HPV after treatment of precancerous cervical lesions. The role treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia plays in the disappearance of human papilloma virus.
J Low Genit Tract Dis. Persistence of human papillomavirus as a predictor for treatment failure after loop electrosurgical excision procedure. Int J Gynecol Cancer. Residual and recurrent disease rates following LEEP treatment in high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions.
Arch Gynecol Obstet. The role of genotype-specific human papillomavirus detection in diagnosing residual cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Is therapeutic conization sufficient to eliminate a high-risk HPV infection of the uterine cervix? Anticancer Res. Cold-knife conization versus photodynamic therapy with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid 5-ALA in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia CIN II with associated human papillomavirus infection: A comparison of preliminary results.
Human papillomavirus DNA after treatment of cervical dysplasia: low prevalence in normal cytologic smears. Clearance of cervical human papillomavirus infection by treatment for cervical dysplasia.
Sex Transm Dis. Relationship of up-regulation of kd laminin receptor to grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and to high-risk HPV types and prognosis in cervical cancer. Acta Cytol. Follow-up after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by human papillomavirus genotyping. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Cryotherapy for HPV clearance in women with biopsy-confirmed cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.
Int J Gynecol Obstet. Persistent infection with human papillomavirus following the successful treatment of high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Obstet Gynaecol. Value of human papillomavirus testing after conization by loop electrosurgical excision for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.
Persistence of human papillomavirus DNA in cervical lesions after treatment with diathermic large loop excision. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol.
The role of HPV DNA testing in the follow-up of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia after loop electrosurgical excision procedure. Conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is followed by disappearance of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid and a decline in serum and cervical mucus antibodies against human papillomavirus antigens.
Elfgren K. Hum Gene Ther. Type-specific HPV geno-typing improves detection of recurrent high-grade cervical neoplasia after conisation. Eradication and reinfection of human papillomavirus after photodynamic therapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Clin Oncol. J Clin Virol. Significance of human papillomavirus genotyping with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia treated by a loop electrosurgical excision procedure.
Viral determinants of human papillomavirus persistence following loop electrical excision procedure treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3. Long-term risk of recurrent cervical human papillomavirus infection and precancer and cancer following excisional treatment. Value of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid testing after conization in the prediction of residual disease in the subsequent hysterectomy specimen.
Ginekol Pol. Clearance of human papillomavirus in women treated for cervical dysplasia. Human papillomavirus DNA status after loop excision for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III—a prospective study. Int J Mol Med. Factors associated with HPV persistence after conization in patients with negative margins. J Gynecol Oncol. Addition of high-risk HPV testing improves the current guidelines on follow-up after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
Br J Cancer. The impact of high risk human papillomavirus testing in an Inner London Colposcopy Clinic. J Med Virol. Role of HPV testing in the follow-up of women treated for cervical dysplasia. Efficacy of CO2 laser surgery in treating squamous intraepithelial lesions. An analysis of clinical and virologic results. J Reprod Med. Persistence of human papillomavirus infection after local interferon-alpha treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cervix Low Female Genit Tract.
Patterns of persistent genital human papillomavirus infection among women worldwide: a literature review and meta-analysis. With either formulation, the treatment area should be washed with soap and water 6—10 hours after the application.
Local inflammatory reactions, including redness, irritation, induration, ulceration or erosion, and vesicles might occur with using imiquimod, and hypopigmentation has also been described Limited case reports demonstrate an association between treatment with imiquimod cream and worsened inflammatory or autoimmune skin diseases e. Data from studies of human participants are limited regarding use of imiquimod during pregnancy; however, animal data indicate that this therapy poses low risk Podofilox podophyllotoxin is a patient-applied antimitotic drug that causes wart necrosis.
This cycle can be repeated, as necessary, for up to four cycles. The total wart area treated should not exceed 10 cm 2 , and the total volume of podofilox should be limited to 0. If possible, the health care provider should apply the initial treatment to demonstrate proper application technique and identify which warts should be treated.
Mild to moderate pain or local irritation might develop after treatment. After each treatment, the gel or solution should be allowed to dry. Patients should wash their hands before and after each application. Podofilox is contraindicated during pregnancy Sinecatechins is a patient-applied, green-tea extract with an active product catechins. The medication should not be washed off after use. Genital, anal, and oral sexual contact should be avoided while the ointment is on the skin.
The most common side effects of sinecatechins are erythema, pruritus or burning, pain, ulceration, edema, induration, and vesicular rash. This medication is not recommended for persons with HIV infection, other immunocompromised conditions, or genital herpes because the safety and efficacy of therapy has not been evaluated.
The safety of sinecatechins during pregnancy is unknown. Cryotherapy is a provider-administered therapy that destroys warts by thermal-induced cytolysis. Health care providers should be trained on the correct use of this therapy because overtreatment or undertreatment can result in complications or low efficacy.
Pain during and after application of the liquid nitrogen, followed by necrosis and sometimes blistering, is common. Local anesthesia topical or injected might facilitate therapy if warts are present in many areas or if the area of warts is large.
Surgical therapy has the advantage of eliminating the majority of warts at a single visit, although recurrence can occur. Surgical removal requires substantial clinical training, additional equipment, and sometimes a longer office visit.
After local anesthesia is applied, anogenital warts can be physically destroyed by electrocautery, in which case no additional hemostasis is required. Care should be taken to control the depth of electrocautery to prevent scarring. Alternatively, the warts can be removed either by tangential excision with a pair of fine scissors or a scalpel, by CO 2 laser, or by curettage. Because most warts are exophytic, this procedure can be accomplished with a resulting wound that only extends into the upper dermis.
Hemostasis can be achieved with an electrocautery unit or, in cases of minor bleeding, a chemical styptic e. Suturing is neither required nor indicated in the majority of cases. For patients with large or extensive warts, surgical therapy, including CO 2 laser, might be most beneficial; such therapy might also be useful for intraurethral warts, particularly for those persons whose warts have not responded to other treatments.
Trichloroacetic acid TCA and bichloroacetic acid BCA are provider-administered caustic agents that destroy warts by chemical coagulation of proteins. Although these preparations are widely used, they have not been investigated thoroughly. TCA solution has a low viscosity, comparable with that of water, and can spread rapidly and damage adjacent tissues if applied excessively. A small amount should be applied only to the warts and allowed to dry i.
If pain is intense or an excess amount of acid is applied, the area can be covered with sodium bicarbonate i. Fewer data are available regarding the efficacy of alternative regimens for treating anogenital warts, which include podophyllin resin, intralesional interferon, photodynamic therapy, and topical cidofovir.
Shared clinical decision-making between the patient and provider regarding benefits and risks of these regimens should be provided. Recovery can take one to three days, depending on the number of warts removed or the size of the area treated for abnormal cells. Sexual activity should be avoided for one to three weeks after the procedure. We can help you find a doctor. Call or browse our specialists.
If you need help accessing our website, call Skip to main content. Surgery for Human Papillomavirus. Electrocautery Electrocautery involves the removal of warts by destroying them with a low-voltage electrical probe.
A simple, non-invasive method of getting rid of the virus could represent a significant advance in public health. Source: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. It has been used to treat a variety of cancers.
DNA uses only 20 amino acids to make all our proteins. Non-protogenic is a fancy word for amino acids which are not part of proteins. View the discussion thread. Josh Bloom, the Director of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, comes from the world of drug discovery, where he did research for more than 20 years. He holds a Ph. Skip to main content. Related articles Prevention of cervical cancer gets even better. Advances in Skin Cancer Therapy. Starving Cancer Cells Eat Themselves.
By Josh Bloom — February 12,
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